feat: error handling, retry with backoff, and circuit breaker

Add robust error handling to the evolution loop and LLM adapters:
- Retry utility with exponential backoff for transient errors (429, 5xx, timeouts)
- Per-call error isolation in evaluator and judge adapter
- Circuit breaker in EvolutionLoop (trips after N consecutive failures)
- CLI flags: --max-retries, --error-strategy (skip|retry|abort)
- Config fields: max_retries, retry_delay_base, circuit_breaker_threshold, error_strategy
- 16 new unit tests covering all error handling paths

Co-Authored-By: Paperclip <noreply@paperclip.ing>

src/prometheus/application/dto.py

@@ -38,6 +38,12 @@ class OptimizationConfig:
     # --- Reproducibility ---
     seed: int = 42
 
+    # --- Error handling ---
+    max_retries: int = 3
+    retry_delay_base: float = 1.0
+    circuit_breaker_threshold: int = 5
+    error_strategy: str = "retry"  # skip | retry | abort
+
     # --- Output ---
     output_path: str = "output.yaml"
     verbose: bool = False